Free Essays on Jeffersonian

At the point when it went to the government Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans normally held a severe understanding of the Constitution contradicted the wide constructionism of Federalists somewhere in the range of 1800 and 1818. The Republicans showed the convictions of their gathering against those of the Federalists concerning the translation of the government Constitution. The Jerrfersonian Republicans needed to give solid state governemnts to a country of ranchers. Jefferson, in light of a legitimate concern for his gathering and the country attempted to fight off war for and against the nation. Everything that Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republican's did however, was contradicted by the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and his devotees imagined a general public as an unmistakable difference to that of the Federalists. They needed to make a general public of gentelman ranchers with a little focal government that held negligible command over the lives of the individuals and simply served to secure the individual privileges of everybody under the Constitution. Jefferson expressed to Presbyterian serve Samuel Miller, that the Constitution would be the main thing that the administration would cling to, and not even God could change that. (Report B) This vision didn't happen. Jefferson was to manage a country that was ceaselessly developing more Federalist. Jefferson was no â€Å"War Hawk.† Jefferson did all that he could to keep away from war, he went similarly as toestablished the Embargo Act, potentially the most umpopular move of his political profession. This restricted boats departing American ports for any outside goal. This demonstration was passed in would like to keep away from showdown with antagonistic vessels. Because of the Embargo Act, there was a financial downturn, especially in the Northeast, as introduced in Alexander Anderson’s political sketch of â€Å"OGRABME, or The American Snapping-turtle.† (Document C) because of the ban, a third correction was proposed to the Hartford Convention, January 4, 1805: This pre... Free Essays on Jeffersonian Free Essays on Jeffersonian At the point when it went to the government Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans normally held an exacting translation of the Constitution contradicted the wide constructionism of Federalists somewhere in the range of 1800 and 1818. The Republicans showed the convictions of their gathering against those of the Federalists concerning the translation of the government Constitution. The Jerrfersonian Republicans needed to give solid state governemnts to a country of ranchers. Jefferson, in light of a legitimate concern for his gathering and the country attempted to fight off war for and against the nation. Everything that Jefferson and the Jeffersonian Republican's did however, was contradicted by the Federalists. Thomas Jefferson and his adherents imagined a general public as an unmistakable difference to that of the Federalists. They needed to make a general public of gentelman ranchers with a little focal government that held insignificant power over the lives of the individuals and just served to ensure the individual privileges of everybody under the Constitution. Jefferson expressed to Presbyterian serve Samuel Miller, that the Constitution would be the main thing that the legislature would stick to, and not even God could change that. (Report B) This vision didn't happen. Jefferson was to direct a country that was persistently developing more Federalist. Jefferson was no â€Å"War Hawk.† Jefferson did all that he could to maintain a strategic distance from war, he went similarly as toestablished the Embargo Act, conceivably the most umpopular move of his political vocation. This disallowed ships leaving American ports for any remote goal. This demonstration was passed in plans to maintain a strategic distance from encounter with unfriendly vessels. Because of the Embargo Act, there was a financial downturn, especially in the Northeast, as introduced in Alexander Anderson’s political depiction of â€Å"OGRABME, or The American Snapping-turtle.† (Document C) because of the ban, a third correction was proposed to the Hartford Convention, January 4, 1805: This pre...

Language and Literacy Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language and Literacy Programs - Essay Example 113). Aptitudes based guidance at that point can be seen as a base up way to deal with language directions, though entire language works more from a top-down methodology. There is an assembly of these projects in a methodology alluded to as ‘balanced literacy’. As the name recommends this methodology consolidates word based guidance, with phoneme based ability errands. 2. Inside the setting of the discussion between entire language and aptitudes based guidance the term â€Å"principled eclecticism† is a critical concern. Thusly principled variance alludes to the mix of word based methods of language guidance with aptitudes based methods of language guidance. This methodology has additionally been alluded to as adjusted education. This methodology joins the best highlights of the two models. One thinks about that word based guidance may all the more practically add to peruser familiarity as they permit the peruser to take part in full sentence communication. Along these lines this methodology is executed at end of exercises or for increasingly familiar perusers. This is then offset with aptitudes based methods of guidance. This methodology is adequately executed for complex word structures, just as start of exercise guidance. 3. There are various components to a fair education program. While there are a large number of components, this exploration thinks about three noticeable methodologies. One methodology is the execution of summing up. Summing up is immovably established in the word based method of language guidance as it requires that understudies actualize a top-down procedure of thinking in blending data (McGregor, p. 60). Another conspicuous methodology is instructor demonstrating. While this methodology can be actualized for entire word developments, it is all the more noticeably executed in separating words phonemes so students can rehearse education (McGregor, p. 60). A last part of a fair education program is making inductions. Mak ing surmisings happens as understudies endeavor to decide the significance of a word from its situation with regards to a sentence (McGregor, p. 60). This methodology is a word based part of a decent education program in that the understudy is endeavoring to decide significance from a total word, just as a bigger sentence structure. 4. The job of the chief is a urgent element of an excellent understanding system. The excellent perusing program is organized so understudies who accomplish a degree of competency for their advancement are perceived for their accomplishment. Along these lines the chief turns into a noteworthy contributing power. Periodically excellent perusing programs issue testaments or grants dependent on the student’s progress. The chief will at that point sign this testament as a methods for validating the procedure, or call the understudy up before the homeroom or school (Miller, p. 10). In this setting the chief speaks to a huge power figure through which t he acknowledgment contributes both to the student’s persuading and abrogating confidence. 5. There are various worries in building up an understanding system. One unmistakable concern is the idea of the understudies associated with the guidance. Understudies originate from an assortment of financial foundations with an assortment of expertise levels. These components impact the perusing program as it might conceivably be important to execute separated guidance in

What to Do If You Fear Eating in Public

What to Do If You Fear Eating in Public Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Social Anxiety and the Fear of Eating in Front of Others By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on August 30, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on September 11, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Triggers Fears Research Treatment View All The fear of eating in front of others can wreak havoc on your social life, work prospects,  and adjustment to college. Socializing usually includes some form of food and drink. Business meetings sometimes take place over lunch or dinner. College cafeterias can be crowded. If eating and drinking in front of others causes you extreme anxiety, you may either endure these situations with great discomfort or avoid them altogether. Avoidance creates a vicious cycle in that the more narrow your life becomes, the harder you will find it to eat and drink in front of others. You may find yourself turning down invitations or making choices that dont require eating in front of others, such as eating in your dorm room rather than meeting new friends in the cafeteria. Triggers of Fear of Eating in Public Fear of eating and drinking in front of others can be triggered by a wide variety of situations, foods  and dining companions. Some people feel anxious in every situation in which they must eat or drink in front of others, while others fear specific settings such as formal banquets or dinner parties.Certain individuals become anxious only when eating in front of authority figures. On the other hand, some may be anxious even when eating in front of people whom they know well.Some may become more fearful if they are in a crowded restaurant as compared to dining in a quiet atmosphere with only a few companions. If you are like most people with a fear of eating, your level of anxiety probably escalates in proportion to how difficult the food is to eat. Foods that require utensils such as salads, soup, and dishes with sauces are usually the most anxiety-provoking.Potentially messy foods such as spaghetti will be more anxiety-provoking because there is a greater likelihood of embarrassment while eating.Finger foods are usually the least threatening.Type of beverage does not usually influence the level of fear, although drinks that are more likely to stain, such as red wine, may provoke more anxiety. Fears If you have a fear of eating or drinking in front of others, there is probably a long list of embarrassing events that you worry might happen in these situations. They may include some of the following: Your hands will shake.You will spill your food or drink.You will choke on your food and draw attention to yourself.You will vomit or lose control of your bowels.You will look unattractive while eating.You will become flushed from eating spicy food. Research Underlying all of these fears is the fear of being negatively evaluated by others.  Indeed, a 2015 study found that this fear of negative evaluation explained part of the relationship between social anxiety and aspects of disordered eating.?? In addition, a 2012 study found that social appearance anxiety (the fear that you will be negatively evaluated for your appearance) may predict symptoms of both social anxiety and eating disorder symptoms.?? As a result, modifying those underlying negative beliefs or negative social evaluation fears is what is needed to treat this type of disordered eating, rather than a focus on specific issues with eating. Treating a Fear of Eating in Public If difficulty eating in front of others is causing significant impairment in your daily life, and you have not been diagnosed with a mental health disorder, consider making an appointment with your family doctor for further assessment and possible treatment. When the fear of eating or drinking in front of others is a symptom of social anxiety disorder or SAD (about 20% of people diagnosed with SAD have this fear??), treatment in the form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) is usually recommended. CBT involves the identification of negative automatic thoughts and the replacement of these thoughts with more rational thinking patterns. In addition, some form of exposure training usually complements the practice of cognitive restructuring. This may involve actual eating and drinking scenarios in which other group participants act as dining companions. If your anxiety about eating in front of others is due to an eating disorder, or a combination of an eating disorder and SAD, then treatment will need to be tailored to your unique situation. In addition, if you experience  generalized SAD, or your symptoms do not respond to therapy, medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be advised. A Word From Verywell If you are experiencing difficulty eating in front of others, consider the source of your anxiety. Are you worried about how others will perceive you or more worried about eating the actual food itself? Ask yourself these questions to better understand your own disordered eating patterns and what the next steps may be.

Fate and Freewill in Oedipus the King Essay - 819 Words

In the play Oedipus Rex, it shows many different forms of fate and freewill. Fate is a word that can be defined in many different ways. Fate can affect a persons life in many different ways. Oedipuss fate ruined his life and lead him to a horrible death. Antigones life was also thrown out to the hand of fate. Neither one of them had any freewill in there lifetime, all of there lives were based upon the fate that the gods handed to them. Both of these elements, fate and freewill, play a large role in the telling of the story of Oedipus Rex. Was his life really left to fate or was it left up to him? In most tragic plays fate and freewill play a large role in the rise and fall of the protagonist. The protagonist in a play has†¦show more content†¦Oedipus led the exact life that was prophesied, Oedipus had little choices to make in his life. I believe that most of the events that happened to Oedipus were left to the hand of fate. Oedipus was trying to escape his own fate by traveling a different way then what he had thought was his hometown. Fate is something that no human being can run from, no matter what they do or where they hide. This was a choice that Oedipus made, which added to the answer of what Oedipuss character flaw was. Oedipuss character flaw was that he was ignorant throughout his life, he never saw things as what they really were, he only saw them as how he wanted to see them. Fate is a element in life that can not be changed or be foretold. Oedipus had no way of changing his own fate or anyway from running from it. People cannot change there fate, as much as they think that they can. People, along with Oedipus believe that they can control there lives and that fate plays no role in there lives. But people do not understand that control is an illusion and is nothing more then something for people to believe in so that they do not feel scared, while living in this world that is based upon fate. People will always think that they control there lives even no they do not. Freewill is also an illusion that is put out by society, people believe that society gives them choices but really everybodys life isShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Oedipus The King1365 Words   |  6 P agesAlthough Sophocles’ Oedipus the King seems to be a play merely focused on the tragedy that is the tale of Oedipus, it is actually a commentary on defying the gods for the reason that one is blindly believing in supernatural entities and allowing those entities to govern one’s fate. The tragedy of Oedipus the King revolves around a king’s downfall as he tries to save his people from utter destruction. His curiosity and drive to save his city brings him to the realization that not only has his entireRead MoreWhat Does Oedipus the King Show Us About Greek Thought on Fate, Gods, and Free Will?1321 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does Oedipus the King show us about Greek thought on Fate, the gods, and free will? Oedipus is a play that explores the styles of freewill and fate throughout its totality. This is the tale of a guy and how he tries to resist his own fate and thus focuses on his defense of the future that he needs. Oedipus wished to reject his personal predestination and wanted make a life of his own choosing. The tale all started by a prediction upon Oedipus life that therw will come a day when he wouldRead MoreOedipus Rex: Imagery of Blindness and Sight as a Medium to the Themes1218 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play, Oedipus Rex, written by Sophocles, an honourable and admirable Greek king named Oedipus rules the town of Thebes. He is left in mental turmoil and decay as his unknown, corrupt and immoral past is slowly revealed during his quest to find the culprit who murdered King Laius. The newly exposed past suddenly transforms his glory and respect into shame and humiliation. After he learns about his wicked past he stabs his eyes, which lead to his blindness. During the course of the play, referencesRead MoreOedipus the King Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pages Oedipus the king written by sophecles when read for the first time the reader will realize that the audience already knows what is going to happen its just the way that the characters deal will with it. There is an oracle that says that Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother. Sophecles examines the relationship between fate and free will. Fate being what some say is an excuse. For example if I said that I could not do what I wanted to do I could say it was fate, which is junk. What isRead MoreFate and Free Will in Literature Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesOedipus Rex, Candide, Macbeth, The Cherry Orchard, and the Metamorphosis all have one obvious recurring theme; fate v.s. freewill. In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus tries to beat his fate. He leaves home and travels because he is afraid of the prophecy made of him. Despite this, in the case of Oedipus, his fate was inescapable. Candide, on the other hand, defies his fate. He is fated to be separated from Cunegonde, but he keeps trying and trying to be with her. Candide goes through many obstacles, learns aboutRead MoreOedipus Rex And The Mountains Echoed1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate whether our lives are controlled by our own choices or fate, is an ongoing question that we could never have the answer to because we can never fully prove one side. I believe that both personal choice and fate have a great effect in our lives. Both Oedipus Rex and the novel and the mountains echoed show how both personal choice and fate have a great influence in our rises up and our falling downs in life. In the Elizabethan era it was believed that our lives were predestined. People’sRead MoreSophocles Oedipus The King1003 Words   |  5 PagesInability to Escape Fate Many people believe that fate has planned out their lives and despite efforts on their part what was meant to happen, will eventually happen. This belief has been handed down over the centuries from some of the first civilizations, such as the Greeks. However, not all Greek citizens wanted destiny to take control of their lives. Some decided to choose freewill over the will of the gods. In Oedipus the King, Sophocles writes a cautionary tale meant to warn the doubters inRead MoreMovie Analysis : Oedipus 968 Words   |  4 Pagesto The Truth Oedipus, the main character in Sophocles drama experiences loss of control over his fate in life. The gods of Athens predetermined Oedipus destiny. Born in the city of Thebes, Oedipus became a man distant from his birthplace only to return and face the unescapable. To discover his own identity, Oedipus had gone through running away to the place he called home, murdering his father, save the city of These by solving the riddle, and marrying his mother. Fate and freewill play a veryRead MoreSophocles Oedipus The King992 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout tragedies in Greek literature, the hero always has one tragic flaw. In Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Oedipus’ main flaw is his overactive hubris, which in turn clouds his overall judgment. This is evident in the Chorus’ first ode to the city of Thebes as they try to ask the Gods for the banishment of the plague. Their answer does not come from a deity, but from Oedipus himself as he enters the palace and says, â₠¬Å"You have prayed; and you prayers shall be answered with help and release ifRead MoreArgument in Favor of Oedipus Rex1516 Words   |  7 PagesNaz Submitted on: 19th September 2011 Argument in Favor of Oedipus’ Fate Play: Oedipus Rex Writter: Sophocles No one can deny freewill of a person totally, so as fate. But as I m in favor of Oedipus, the protagonist of ancient Greek play â€Å"Oedipus Rex† by Sophocles. I think here in it, fate is more responsible for Oedipus’ end. Many questions were raised against Oedipus in class argument about his character flaws, running from the fate, killing his father, marrying his mother, and insulting prophet

Analysis Of Bradshaw And Sloan s An Efficient Corporate...

In Bradshaw and Sloan’s (2002) article, there are several evidences show that market participants like analysts, investors and managers are stressing on the Street earnings. Street earnings is favoured by the majority because it provides additional useful and relevant information and makes the firm look better since it generates higher value. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) earnings is the traditional measurement based on regulations and it is not relevant in predicting future cash flows. Examples of earnings in the wild market are Street earnings and non-GAAP earnings. Following the trends of using non-GAAP earnings, it is a good way to let the free market to create an efficient corporate financial reporting even there are†¦show more content†¦Moreover, information in the free market is meaningful which enhances investors’ understandability of the market thus creates an efficient financial reporting. Trading accounting information as a commodi ty, the most common incentive of free market reporting is to offer information which assists the investors to evaluate the firms’ operating earnings (Asher, Sarah and Benjamin, 2011). Finally, the free market possess a great magnitude of information. Even if the disclosures in a free market is voluntary, it contains a large scope of information which benefits the decision makers. Lang and Lundholm (1996) indicated that companies with supplementary information disclosures predict future earnings more accurately. Under the non-GAAP metrics in free market, another benefit is high relevance of information. In the unregulated environment, the value of information is more relevant as price and earnings are highly related (Albring et al. 2010). Even though the analysts failed to predict the occurrence of global financial crisis (GFC), the quick spread of bad events offers valuable information to the users and enables the participants to anticipate future risks which helps the vulner able market recover in a high speed (Wilson, 2011). Take street earnings as an example, the advantages are accuracy, timeliness and insight.

To Kill a Mockingbird Growing Up Free Essays

The novel To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee is about a young girl named Scout and her brother, Jem, growing up in the small, southern town of Maycomb, Alabama. Scout and Jem live with their older father, Atticus, and spend their summers playing with their friend, Dill. They have many neighbors, and one is an older woman named Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Growing Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dubose. As the siblings grow older, they begin to drift apart and new disagreements begin. Yet, as Jem begins change, he starts to think more maturely about feuds with his sister and opinions towards his neighbors. For example, in the tire incident, Jem realizes that Scout is in trouble and tries to help her. In addition, in the flower incident with Mrs. Dubose, Jem fs anger causes him to try to defend Atticus. Jem thinks that he is acting very maturely during the tire incident and the flower incident with Mrs. Dubose. Jem thought he was being responsible during the tire incident because he took care of Scout. When Jem, Scout, and Dill are playing in the yard one day, Scout decides she wants to be pushed in the tire. As Scout and Dill are arguing over who will go first, Jem arbitrates, and awards Scout with the first push. Jem then accidentally rolls the tire into the Radley yard. Jem is frightened and says,  gScout, get away from there, come on! h (37). This quote shows that Jem is taking on some responsibility for Scout. When he pushes her into the Radley fs Yard, Jem feels angry about what Scout had said earlier, so he wants to get revenge. Yet, when Jem sees Scout lying on the ground he immediately feels worried and scared for her, and tries to get her to come to safety. As Jem grows up, he begins to develop new views on situations. Scout fs situation during the tire incident reminds Jem that he needs to take on full responsibility of his sister. Jem thought that the most mature way to express his feelings about Mrs. Dubose was to cut off all of her flowers. When Jem and Scout are returning home one day they walk pass Mrs. Dubose fs house. As they walk by her yard, Jem runs into her garden and cuts off all of her flowers because of what Mrs. Dubose said earlier about Atticus. Scout tells us that,  gHe did not begin to calm down until he had cut the tops off every camellia bush Mrs. Dubose owned, until the ground was littered with green buds and leaves. He bent my baton against his knee c h (103). This quote shows that Jem was feeling very hurt by what Mrs. Dubose had said about his father. To Jem, Atticus seems feeble and old, so, when threatened, Jem feels it is his responsibility to protect him. In the book, when Mrs. Dubose talks about Atticus, Jem just ignores her and walks away, but finally he decides to get revenge. He does this by,  glittering the ground with green buds and leaves. h Jem tries to hurt something Mrs. Dubose loves like she attacked Atticus. Mrs. Dubose fs harsh words make Jem feel that it is his job to defend Atticus. As To Kill a Mockingbird progresses, Jem takes definitive steps toward maturity with his actions in the tire and flower incidents, for example. He would later go on to repair the flowerbed he destroyed, and take greater care to protect Scout. Through his actions, we can see Jem develop a sense of morals and responsibility that would prove to be a lifesaver. scout and Jem Finch are growing up in the tired old Alabama town of Maycomb. Their father, Atticus, is the local lawyer and as a single parent tries to raise his children with honor and respect to their individualism. With the Depression on times are hard, and there is no money to be found anywhere in town. To amuse themselves Scout, Jem, and their best friend Dill begin a relentless campaign during their summertimes to get Boo Radley, their reclusive, legendary neighbor, to come out of his house. They concoct endless schemes and even go so far as to create a play that details Boo’s life. Atticus forbids them to have anything to do with Mr. Radley, urging them to let the poor man be. Atticus is a good man, and one day takes on a case that affects him personally. A black man, Tom Robinson, is accused of beating and raping a white woman, Mayella Ewell. Most of the county is convinced immediately that Tom is guilty of the crime, and begin to look at Atticus in a very negative way for actually defending him and trying to do right by him. Scout and Jem begin to get tormented over their father at school, and Atticus begs them not to get riled up over the town’s prejudice. As the trial begins it becomes apparent to Scout and Jem that there is no way that Tom Robinson could have beaten and raped Mayelle Ewell, as he’s a cripple. Atticus proves that to the jury, and Scout and Jem are astonished when Tom is slapped with a guilty verdict anyway. They begin to realize that many people in town are very prejudiced against blacks, and their hearts are saddened by it. It’?s hard for them to understand how people can be so mean to each other, and they both begin to see that, even in court where things are supposed to be unbiased, men’s hearts bring in their own hatreds. It isn’t much longer that Tom is shot and killed for trying to escape while in prison. Jem especially takes the whole affair hard, and it takes him a long time to come to grips with the jury’s decision, and Tom’s death. After the trial has died down Bob Ewell, Mayelle’s father, begins threatening Atticus for embarrassing him in court, and resolves that he’ll get him back one way or another. Atticus is convinced that he’s all talk, and passes it off as such. Time crawls past, and finally Bob Ewell is good to his word and attacks the children Halloween night with a knife. He breaks Jem’s arm and almost kills Scout, but Boo Radley, of all people, comes to their rescue and saves them. The sheriff, Heck Tate, hushes the whole thing over so Boo Radley will not be dragged into the spotlight, and Scout is thrilled to finally get to meet the man they for so long fantasized about. As she walks him back home, she realizes that all this time he was watching them from his front porch windows, and just for a little while she is able to stand in his shoes. How to cite To Kill a Mockingbird Growing Up, Essay examples

Should Harlequin re

Harlequin is a publishing industry that has been publishing books for a long time. The major types of books that are published by this industry are educational materials and romance novels. The industry was founded in the year 1949. In the 1970s, Harlequin was the world best and largest publisher of women’s series romance fiction books.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Should Harlequin re-enter the single-title business? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The books are of different types of romance, ranging from inspirational, traditional to sexy romance. The industry had created the worldwide library because of the growing single-title market. This was a good opportunity to the authors, who had their work published by Harlequin. This did not last for long since the worldwide library did not know exactly the books it was dealing with. Harlequin has reconsidered the thought of re-entering the business of single-title books. This will be a good decision for the Harlequin enterprises to make considering that; it is one of the largest and well-known publishers of romantic novels. The business of single-title books will raise the income of the industry. This is because, most of the best and well-known authors will always want to be associated with the best selling publishers, where they can have confidence that their work shall be well marketed. Thus, re-entering the single-title business will enable Harlequin to regain some of the most prominent authors that it may have lost after the collapse of the worldwide library. As long as Harlequin continues with the business of publishing the diverse series of romance books, there would be no harm of re-entering the single-title business. The company is a large publisher, and as we know, large businesses are well suited to undertake their operations on a broader basis. If the single-title business thrives, it will be to the benefit of the Harl equin enterprises as a whole. On the other hand, if the single-title business does not thrive, not much shall be lost since other romance series books shall continue to sell as it has been. This shows that, the whole business venture shall not collapse. In business, it is all about taking risks and hoping for the best outcome. If Harlequin has to re-enter the single-title business, it also has to consider the distributor and sales organ of the books. This is because, previously, the worldwide library did not recognize what the imprint was all about. The MIRA can be launched and be given the task of selling the single-title books.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since a lesson has already been learnt from the collapse of the worldwide library, the MIRA can apply any tactic that was not used by the worldwide library. It can also avoid the methods that were used by the wor ldwide library. Since single-title women’s fiction novels required more mainstream distribution, which was not achieved during the era of the worldwide imprint, the MIRA can focus a lot on distributing the books once launched. This can best be done through introducing, MIRA outlets in different countries for the easy access of the single-title books by customers of different countries. For a new start, Harlequin can first start by offering greater discounts to all potential authors to encourage them to collaborate with them. This will attract more authors and the business will have greater chances of thriving. Thus, it would be a wise decision to make in re-entering the single-title business. This case study on Should Harlequin re-enter the single-title business? was written and submitted by user Aaden Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Kent State Massacre essays

Kent State Massacre essays On Thursday April 30th 1970 President Nixon gave a speech to the country. At the end of his speech he asked for the support of the nation for the soldiers over in Vietnam. I ask for your support for our brave men fighting tonight halfway around the world, not for territory, not for glory, but so that their younger brothers and their sons and your sons can have a chance to grow up in a world of peace and freedom, and justice (Payne). Also contained in that speech he told the nation that our military would be bombing and invading the nation of Cambodia, which proclaimed its neutrality. It was believed that the North Vietnamese had moved into Cambodia. Nixon believed that the move into Cambodia was crucial to end the war as quickly as possible. The nation was already divided over the war as a whole, the invasion into Cambodia would further that division. Protests were a constant site all across the United States. Students at many Universities and colleges across the country held peaceful protests against the decision the Nixon had made. The protests never got really large or out of control and occasionally would be seen on the news. Kent State University in Ohio was an exception. Protests began on Friday night and continued into the weekend and into the following week. As the group of protestors got larger the situation became more chaotic and the Ohio National Guard was called in to control the situation. On May 4th 1970 the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of students and protestors. Sixty-one rounds of ammunition were unloaded into the crowd in thirteen seconds. The bullets killed four people and wounded nine. People are still unsure as to why the National Guard fired their guns into the crowd. The students had the right to be protesting the war, but shots were fired anyway and innocent people were killed or wounded. The National Guardsman claim that they were being attacked by rock throwing f...

11 High Paying Jobs That Dont Require a College Degree

11 High Paying Jobs That Dont Require a College Degree we don’t all have the luxury of going straight to college or university after high school. but if you can’t (or shouldn’t, for personal reasons) go to college right away, you don’t have to settle for low-paying work. here are 11 high-paying  jobs that don’t require a college degree.real estate brokeryou will need to acquire a license, but you can apply for your first position with just a high school diploma. you may have to log a lot of evening, weekend, and holiday hours to start, and you might not generate income for a while. but when you get your stride, you can make over $180k per year. it’s a competitive field, and the low range of the salary field is just over $30k per year. but if you have the talent, luck, and dedication, you could thrive.air traffic controllerbecause the job is incredibly stressful and the stakes (and responsibilities) are high, this is a very high paying position. an average of just under $159k annually. thereâ₠¬â„¢s a lot of pre-employment screening to get through, but it pays handsomely.small business ownerif you have the capacity to start your own business, and the wherewithal to get through the difficult early stages (and, importantly, you have a valuable product or service to offer the market), this could be a good option for you. set your own hours, write off many expenses on your taxes, and make as much as you possibly can. the sky’s the limit.fire chiefyou’ll have to work your way through the ranks of this challenging and physically demanding career, but if you’re comfortable with high risk and lots of time away from home, then you could succeed in scaling the ladder to be chief. the salary range is approximately $42k to $119k per year.construction managerif you like working construction, you don’t have to worry about switching careers to something better. construction companies often promote from within. if you truly like the work, you could consider st icking it out and working your way up the ranks to management. expect to make anywhere from $41k to $131k per year.plumberlearn this trade through apprenticeships or technical school. it’s super high demand, and salaries can soar to over six figures very quickly.network/it manageras long as you’re up on the latest technology and talented with gadgets, networks, and computers, you can excel in this field. it’s stable work with good benefits and salaries ranging from $53k to $125k per year.hotel executive chefobviously, you’ll have to start at the bottom and work your way up. you’ll have to deal with impossibly long and grueling hours. but if you have the passion and the talent and can get to the executive level, you can easily make six figures.radiation therapistyou’ll need a two-year associate’s degree or a certificate in radiation therapy, but not a traditional four-year degree. you can make as much as $116 per year.court reporterif you can transcribe 250 words per minute, and spell, and have absolute and precise attention to detail, then you can make anywhere between $29k and $104k. you’ll have to take some training classes in transcription, as well as pass some stringent background checks, but it could well be worth it.pilotif all of these jobs sound good, but just not glamorous enough for you (and you have perfect eyesight), then you might consider becoming a pilot. the average salary is $110k per year, but many pilots, depending on their training, experience, and license, can make over twice that.if you’re willing to work hard and dedicate yourself to excellence in your chosen career, then you can easily make six figures without a traditional degree.

Business Ethics - Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Ethics - Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example To do this, the essay will start by describing a situation at my friend Mary’s former placement workplace that posed an ethical dilemma. Later, the essay will seek to explain why the situation proved an ethical dilemma, before coming up with an appropriate solution for it. Working for a few months at Sisto Mission Hospital as a content developer and data entry clerk, Mary came across some information that placed her in a dilemma ethically. As she was gathering information as part of her daily routine, her sister’s fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s name came to the screen. His information said that he had recently been tested for HIV and diagnosed to be positive. In addition, the information also showed that Michael was currently under treatment at a local facility, as well as counseling services, for HIV. Mary and her sister and are close, especially since their mother passed away from cancer early in their lives, which has meant that they always look out for one another. Having met her sister at least six times in the last month, Mary was sure she did not know about Michael’s condition. If she did, Mary or her father would have known about it by now. The information comes at an especially crucial moment because her sister is preparing for her wedding in three weeks. Mary am devastated by the information and torn between her sister and family on one side and her job on the other. If she elects not to give this information to her sister with regards to her fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s condition, she can maintain my integrity and get a good reference from her boss. This is important, as this is a prestigious company, which will strengthen her CV significantly. However, telling her sister about Michael’s condition will inform her decision on whether to go ahead with the wedding. She could be able to evaluate her position alongside Michael and make a decision based on reality. Nonetheless, doing this could lead to termination from Mary’s current position and a poor report from her

The Black Diasporic discourse Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Black Diasporic discourse - Term Paper Example Every period in the history of African American literature portrays its unique theme. Yet, in every period, almost all African American writers have tried to present event a quick look into the diverse and rich histories of African Americans. The transatlantic slave trade transported millions of Africans to the Americas, Caribbean, India, Europe, North Africa, and the Arab world. Numerous African American literary texts describe this great movement in detail. Michael Gomez provides a factual description of the African Diaspora in his book Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora, while Charles Henry Rowell presents a collection of African American fiction and poetry in his book Making Callaloo: 25 Years of Black Literature. This paper analyzes how the African slave trade’s shaping of the African diaspora was described in these two important books. African Diaspora in Black Literature The massive forced transport of Africans does not match precisely the meaning of dias pora. African slaves do not belong to a single ethnic or religious group, but to different beliefs, cultures, and ethnicity. However, the concept of diaspora can be related to the African diaspora in its broadest meaning of diffusion and preserved cultural traditions. Millions of Africans who were scattered across the globe through the slave trade kept hold of their culture, and continuously practiced it through rituals, traditions, music, and religion. Over the recent decades, the black Atlantic discipline has placed emphasis on the shaping of racial groups across the globe, with a focus on the flow of material objects and ideas. And still Africa is strangely missing in these lively and flourishing discourses, as the Atlantic is still viewed as mainly talking about the flow of objects, peoples, and ideas between the Americas and Europe. Hence, African American literature emerges to describe how Africa is positioned in the discourses and writings of black diasporic authors. Taking i nto consideration literary portrayals of Africa by African, black British, and African-American authors, this paper argues that a charting of Africa in diasporic literature contributes much to the reconstruction of current perspectives of diaspora. In black diaspora literary texts, the symbol of Africa refers as strongly to aspirations of liberation and restoration of a lost homeland. Read as one, the literary creations of authors, such as Caryl Phillips, Percival Everett, and the other authors included in the book Making Callaloo, make up a black Atlantic collection. This collection comprises not just writings that emphasize transnational movement across different points of the Atlantic, but also texts that adopt the theoretical features of the concept of diaspora—the effort to unearth a valuable past, the significance of memory, and the loss of home. Moreover, a study of diaspora essentially requires a thought on the outcomes of slavery, as well as an analysis on the relati onship of Africans to the Western word and its intellectual forces, specifically those that have been identified with regard to Africans—reason and modernity. Two of the most remarkable contemporary writers of African diaspora are Michael Gomez and Charles Henry Rowell. In Reversing Sail, Michael Gomez explores the factual scattering and movement of Africans since ancient times. The struggles of Africans in Europe, the Arab world, and the Mediterranean are afterward marked by their migration into the Americas, where their predicaments in territories invaded by European colonizers are examined in relation to the African

Transactive Memory System and Creativity of Dutch Designers

Transactive Memory System and Creativity of Dutch Designers Preface The author declares that the text and work presented in this Master thesis are original and that no other sources other than those mentioned in the text and its references have been used in creating the Master thesis. The copyright of the Master thesis rests with the author. The author is responsible for its contents. RSM Erasmus University is only responsible for the educational coaching and beyond that cannot be held responsible for its contents. Abstract This research examines the impact of the transactive memory system on the creativity of Dutch fashion designers, architects and graphic designers. The transactive memory system (TMS) consists of individual expertise of members as well as their knowledge of ‘who knows what and is based on communication. The emphasis in this thesis is given to the retrieval function of the TMS. This function could have an impact on the process of idea generation. In this research a special focus will be on the concept of ‘ba, developed by Nonaka (1994). Central to the ‘ba stands the idea of knowledge creation during interaction. Approximately five hundred designers were sent an online survey about the impact of the environment, knowledge creation and knowledge transfer on the retrieval of information during idea generation. The final number of cases used was 128 and these were empirically investigated using a multiple regression analysis. Results showed that having connections with other individuals did have a significant impact on the creativity of Dutch designers during idea generation (ÃŽ ²=.379 significant at level .001). Furthermore, the use of explicit knowledge showed to have an unexpected positive moderating effect on the relationship between retrieving information and creativity (ÃŽ ²=.202 significant at level .05). However, the other aspects did not show significant results. Chapter 1 Introduction and research topic Introduction ‘The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your resources Albert Einstein In order to be successful in the creative industry, designers have to be able to deliver what is perceived to be creative. But what is creativity? Many researchers focused on the personality approach; defining creativity as a personality trait. Simonton (2003) argued that creativity has three essential components: person, product and process. These components have to be interrelated in order to recognize creativity. Koestler (1964) proposed that creativity involves a ‘bisociative process- connecting two frames of reference to produce new insight or invention. Amabile et al (2005) mentioned that creative performance can be affected by the work environment in every context; a school, a room, a design studio or organization. Amabile (1983) focused on the process of creativity and identified that social and environmental influences are also of importance in creative performance. She developed a framework, which describes the way in which cognitive abilities: personality characteristics and social factors might contribute to the different stages of the creative process. Social networks are taken as to be one of these social factors. How does this work in the creative industry? Designers must have all of the resources and assets available in order to succeed in todays highly competitive marketplace. But where do new ideas come from? And in what way do these ideas affect creativity? Marlies Dekkers designs her collections based on a different concept than traditional underwear. Every collection is inspired by movies, art or literature. When she has a moment of inspiration, even if it is in the middle of the night, all the members of her designing team receive a text message with her idea. They all discuss this idea the next morning. Rem Koolhaas has been successful architect for more than twenty years. He celebrates the chance-like nature of city life: the city is an addictive machine from where there is no escape. Another key theme in architectural design was introduced by Koolhaas. This notion: the ‘Program, involves an act to contribute to human activities. Over the past 15 years Viktor and Rolf have taken the fashion world by storm with their particular blend of cool irony and surreal beauty. They created The House of Viktor Rolf that presents each of the designers signature pieces from 1992 to now, shown in a specially commissioned and characteristically theatrical installation. They are most well-known for their fantastical and concept driven designs and for their conceptually driven fashion show presentations. Subjects of their work include their analysis of fashion and the fashion industry, the idea of the fashion designer as a story teller, transformation and illusions. Marlies Dekkers, Rem Koolhaas and Viktor Rolf are successful, but are inspired in different ways. It could be interesting to know in what way social relationships affect creativity; what kinds of relationships are part of the process of generating ideas? Family, friends or peers? And within which context and with what means are these ideas shared, transferred or created? Perry- Smith and Shalley (2003) focused on the importance of generating creative ideas and tried to explore the association between the context of social relationships and individual creativity. They argued that informal relationships are more beneficial, in general, than formal relationships for creativity. Informal relationships are not specifically required as a part of the job. These relationships are more likely to provide connections to people with diverse viewpoints and perspectives (Perry-Smith, 2008). Informal ties ease the process of communication rather than formal ties. Conversations with others can therefore not only be a source of ideas, but also a driving force behind creativity. Nonaka Toyama (2003) discuss the potential of these dialogues as they introduce the concept of ‘Ba; a context or place, which can transcend beyond boundaries to create knowledge. Knowledge creation occurs as the actors synthesize tacit and explicit knowledge in social space. Conversations can create new knowledge and enhance creativity. Searching for information and getting inspired is essential during this process. A transactive memory system (TMS) is a collective memory of who knows what. This is a shared system for encoding, storing and retrieving information (Wegner, 1986). The TMS is based on the idea that individual members can serve as external memory to others. Its value is determined by the willingness of members to search for the specific expertise. Members are able to benefit from each others knowledge and expertise if they develop a good, shared understanding of who knows what in the group/unit. They are able to develop deep expertise in specialty areas and they can rely on other members to provide access to others specific knowledge (Lewis, 2003). Retrieving information is a valuable asset of a TMS: individuals with specialized expertise can be found quickly. Designer creativity and the retrieval function of a TMS have not yet been associated with each other; connections to people who are creative or have specific expertise may help individuals be more creative (Perry-Smith, 2008). Therefore the subsequent question will be central in this research: What is the effect of the retrieval function of a transactive memory system on the creativity of fashion designers, architects and graphic designers in the Netherlands? The following sub-questions can be derived: How is a transactive memory system used to generate new ideas? How is a transactive memory system used during the transfer of knowledge? 1.1 Research Objective The objective of this research is to provide some new insights as to how the retrieval function of the transactive memory system (TMS) can have an impact on the creativity of designers. The purpose of this research is to test theory and causal relations. The most appropriate research strategy will be the survey design since we are dealing with probabilistic hypotheses. The numbers of respondents to the survey in this research were 128. 1.2 Thesis structure The next chapter will discuss the theoretical issues, namely the concept of creativity and the transactive memory system. Chapter 3 will justify the chosen research design and the analysis of the results. The general discussion, implications and recommendations will be described in Chapter 4. Part I Chapter 2 Literature Review ‘Everything you can imagine is real Pablo Picasso This chapter will discuss the relationship between the retrieval function of the TMS and creativity as well as different aspects that could moderate this relationship. The first section will explain how retrieving information can play a role during idea generation. The following part will discuss the cognitive elements that could impact this relationship such as absorptive capacity, scanning the environment, the usage of boundary objects and the role of a shared context (‘ba). A conceptual model will be presented at the end of this chapter, displaying the presumed relationships. Introduction Designers operate in a creative environment and are faces with innovative tasks. They should be able to identify trends and changes during idea generation. This phenomenon called environmental scanning can be used to retrieve relevant information. Cohen and Levinthal (1990) argue that the ability to exploit external knowledge is critical during the generation of ideas. They introduce the concept of absorptive capacity, which is the ability to take in and make use of new knowledge. In this way, retrieving information requires prior related knowledge to assimilate this newly acquired information. Sharing information means sharing knowledge. The context in which these interactions take place is crucial. Knowledge is created by means of interaction among individuals or between individuals and their environment. ‘Ba is the context shared by those who interact with each other (Nonaka Toyama, 2003). Thus, designers could retrieve relevant information when participating in a ‘ba. To deliver creative products, designers need to be able to combine and integrate knowledge. They could face knowledge boundaries during interaction. Different boundary objects can be used to manage knowledge across boundaries (Carlile, 2002). The first difficulty that needs to be addressed is the way different types of ‘ba, the environment and the usage of absorptive capacity are related to retrieving information. The second problem that needs to be addressed is how boundary objects are being used dring the generation of ideas. The most common means of identifying creativity has been through its products. In architecture, music, writing, art and even scientific discovery the presence of a creative product is of importance (Akin Akin, 1998) Creativity is generally defined as the production of novel, useful ideas or problem solutions. It refers to both the process of idea generation or problem solving and the actual idea or solution (Amabile, 1983). Drawing on the assumption that novelty is the distinguished feature of creative work, Simonton (1999) focused his theory on variation. In this theory, the process of variation primarily contributes to idea novelty; it is guided by the existence of knowledge elements that are available for combination into new variations within the creators mind. According to Simonton (1999), the initial selection of ideas goes on within the mind of the individual creator, through a process of testing them against relevant criteria for novelty. Once an idea has been selected by the creator, developed, and communicated, there is often a second selection process by relevant individuals in a social group or community. In Simontons view, creativity depends in large part on novelty, and because novelty is largely a function of cognitive variation, interacting with other individuals is likely to increase the probability of creativity. Creativity is a choice made by an individual to engage in producing novel ideas; the level of engagement can vary from situation to situation. In this thesis creativity is defined as thinking outside of general frames of reference that leads to generation of novel ideas, solution to problems, or innovations (Akin Akin, 1998). In order to create a new product, diverse ideas become available from past experiences. In this way, individuals enrich their own knowledge domain with other knowledgeable persons who help them to retrieve and apply knowledge components during idea generation (Taylor Greve, 2006). This means as a conclusion that individual creativity and the ability to deliver innovations depend on interactions in social systems (Amabile, 1996). Relevant ideas can be generated through communication and through the retrieval information from external sources. External knowledge and the interpretation of the environment can be such sources. 2.1 Transactive memory system creativity Creativity does not just play a role in arts, invention and innovation; it also is a part of our everyday life (Runco, 2004). He defines creative thinking in terms of cognitive processes that lead to an original and adaptive insight, idea or solution. What is unique about this definition is the reliance on cognitive processes. This definition assumes that all creative work requires some cognition and that everything we do requires information processing. Creative ideas generated from ones cognitive processes are influenced by the individuals personal experiences. A combination of individual and others knowledge is an ideal means to obtain information and be creative. Strategic management researchers have proposed a knowledge processing view of the firm that emphasizes the importance of social interaction as the process through which knowledge is created and transferred in organizations (Kogut Zander, 1992; Nonaka, 1994). Nanaka Takeuchi (1995) argue that knowledge consists of tacit and explicit dimensions. Explicit knowledge is that which can be expressed in words and numbers. It is easily communicated and shared in the form of hard data, codified procedures or universal principles. In contrast, tacit knowledge is highly personal, difficult to formalize and consist of subjective insights; intuitions and hunches (Davenport Prusak, 1998; Alavi Leidner, 2001). These forms of knowledge are mutually dependent and have qualities that reinforce each other. It is via the process of continual interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge that new knowledge is created. Nonaka Toyama (2003) argue that knowledge creation starts with ‘socialization, which is the process of converting new tacit knowledge through shared experiences in day-to-day social interaction. A transactive memory system (TMS) has been defined as a combination of an individuals knowledge and a shared awareness of who knows what (Wegner, 1986). This represents a ‘divided up into portions type of knowledge sharing. TMS was initially proposed to explain the knowledge residing amongst intimate couples and family members when they are able to bring together disparate knowledge to solve a problem. This means even though the solution to any issue at hand may not be readily available, family members do know how to come together and develop a response. Wegner (1986) explains that members are able to benefit from each others knowledge and expertise if they develop a good, shared understanding of who knows what in the unit/group. TMS is built on the distinction between internal and external memory encoding. Often, individuals encode new (tacit) knowledge internally, in their own memory. However, even more often individuals encode or use knowledge encoded externally. According to Wegner (1986) a TMS can be explained as a set of individual memory systems in combination with the communication that takes place between individuals. He argues that an individuals memory system becomes connected with those of other individuals involving three stages: Directory updating. Directory updating or expertise recognition is the process by which team members learn which topics others know without learning the actual information within each topic. Furthermore, members come to understand their own areas of expertise within the team Communication to allocate information. Communication to allocate information is characterized by a team member using his or her directory of expertise to forward new information outside of his or her domain(s) of expertise (Anand et al 1998). Communication to retrieve information. Although it is important to possess relevant knowledge, the knowledge must also be utilized to be successful. Communication to retrieve information is the process by which individuals seek specialized information from the teams domain expert to help in task completion when their personal knowledge bases are insufficient. A transactive memory system will be most effective when knowledge assignments are based on the members actual ability, when there is a shared understanding between the members and when members fulfill expectations (Brandon Hollingshead, 2004). This research focuses on the process to retrieve information for it is in the retrieval process where usefulness and efficiency of a TMS can be achieved (Wegner et al 1985). This retrieval process could result in the creation of new knowledge. The creation of new knowledge leads us to creativity. Creativity could be seen as a mental event by which an actor intentionally goes beyond his or her previous experiences in order to gain novel and appropriate outcomes; the TMS can help individuals to achieve these outcomes (Pandza Thorpe, 2009). Transactive retrieval requires determining the location of information and sometimes entails the combination or interplay of items coming from multiple locations. This process begins when the person who holds an item internally is not the one who is asked to retrieve it. In transactive memory this can occur when individuals respond to a particular information label and one group member retrieves one item whereas a second member retrieves something quite different. In their discussion it could be determined that two items add up to yet a third idea. These so-called external components of information are not personally known but can be retrieved when required (Anand et al, 1998). If we ask a question to a person who is a well-integrated part of a transactive memory network, this person is often able to answer (after consulting with other network members, of course) with information well beyond his or her internal storage. When team members correctly identify the experts and delegate ta sks based on an individual members expertise, they perform better (Hollingshead, 2000). Brandon and Hollingshead (2004) argue that representation of tasks is critical to the structure of the TMS; the features of tasks are embedded in the transactive memory process. In this way, team performance in terms of creativity may depend on whether the group can correctly recognize and utilize the knowledge of its members (Brandon Hollingshead, 2004). The interaction of different perspectives enabled by a TMS is a large contributor to the discovery of insight and the creation of knowledge (Jehn et al, 1999; Nonaka Takeuchi, 1995; Nonaka Toyama, 2001). As individuals will retrieve relevant information via a TMS, it is probable designers will discover new knowledge and improve creativity. Thus, the following hypothesis is defined: H1: The usage of the retrieval function of the transactive memory system is likely to contribute to creativity 2.2 Interpretation and creating As mentioned in the previous paragraph, creativity is concerned with generating novel outcomes (Pandza Thorpe, 2009). Creativity is defined as the production of novel ideas that are useful and appropriate to a given situation (Amabile, 1983). Cognitive styles are recognized as core characteristics of individual creativity. Cognitive style is a persons preferred way of gathering, processing and evaluating information. It influences how people scan their environment for information, how they organize and interpret this information and how they integrate their interpretations that guide their actions (Amabile, 1988; Woodman et al., 1993). According to Miliken (1990), action involves a response based on scanning and interpretation of information. Choo (1996) argues that the principal information process is the interpretation of news and messages about the environment. Individuals must determine what information is significant and should be attended to. Interpretation involves the development of ways of comprehending information; the fitting of information into some structure for understanding action (Thomas et al, 1993). Interpretation of the environment also requires identifying threats and opportunities (Miliken, 1990); which requires designers to assess the meaning and significance of each trend, change and event they noticed during the scanning phase. During this phase information is gathered. If one has access to more information, it is also important to select information that is useful to interpret issues (Thomas et al, 1993). Another purpose of scanning is identifying the key trends, changes and events in an environment that might affect performance (Miliken, 1990). Monitoring and analyzing the environment enhances the ability to enter new knowledge domains. Information about the environment can be gathered through different channels, such as personal relationships with peers (Danneels, 2008). Daft and Lengel (1986) explain that the interpretation of the environment is the source of information processing. Cohen and Levinthal (1990) argue that the ability to recognize the value of new information using prior knowledge is critical to innovative capabilities. This phenomenon, called absorptive capacity is used to give rise to creativity; using prior knowledge to assimilate and use new knowledge. An amount of absorptive capacity is needed to increase both the ability to acquire new knowledge and the ability to retrieve and use it (Cohen Levinthal, 1990). As mentioned in the previous paragraph, the retrieving function of the transactive memory system could be used to acquire new data, which is combined with the creation of new interpretations about the environment, which in turn can reduce the uncertainty about the environment. Taking the importance of the ability to interact in different contexts, scanning the environment could put some people in more advantageous positions than others to be creative. Some persons are considered to have contacts with individuals in other fields of expertise who may possess or develop knowledge that can have an impact on their current work. Creative individuals who interact with other designers and are aware of trends could be considered to achieve more creative ideas. Individuals can scan the environment and benefit from this novel information flow. TMS can increase this learning process and can act as an interactive mechanism (Austin, 2003). A certain amount of absorptive capacity and environmental scanning could affect the relationship between the retrieval function of the TMS and creativity. Therefore the following hypotheses are defined: H2: high levels of absorptive capacity will moderate the relationship between the retrieval function of the TMS and creativity, such that retrieval is more likely to have a positive relationship with creativity H3: environmental scanning will moderate the relationship between the retrieval function of the TMS and creativity, such that retrieval is more likely to have a positive relationship with creativity 2.3 Boundary objects Interacting to develop a shared understanding can be done using language and other symbols. Individuals articulate what they intuitively know through dialogue and discourse (Choo, 1996). Texts are a variety of forms including written documents, verbal reports, art work, spoken words, pictures, symbols, buildings and other artifacts (Philip et al, 2004). Carlile (2002) define these objects as ‘boundary objects. The notion of boundary objects was first introduced by Star and Griesemer (1989), who described the attributes of boundary objects that enable them to serve as translation devices; they have different meanings in different social worlds but their structure is common enough to more than one world to make them recognizable and function as a means of translation. Boundary objects can adapt to different context simultaneously while maintaining a common identity across all context, allowing each group to decontextualize its knowledge for use in common space and recontextualize it for use in its own practice (Bowker and Star, 1999). Boundary objects are enabled via in going transactions but also enable interaction. Carlile (2002) distinguishes among different types of boundaries- syntactic, semantic and pragmatic- that require different types of boundary objects: Repositories supply a common reference point of data, measures or labels across functions that provide shared definitions and values for solving problems. This object establishes a shared syntax or language for individuals to represent their knowledge. Standardized forms and methods provide a shared format for solving problems across different functional settings. These objects provide a concrete means for individuals to specify and learn about their differences and dependencies across a given boundary. Objects, models and maps are simple but complex representations that can be observed and then used across different functional settings. These objects facilitate a process where individuals can jointly transform their knowledge. A syntactical approach is based on the existence of a shared and sufficient syntax at a given boundary. A common syntax or language is shared between the ‘sender and receiver. Integrating devices are processing tools (repositories) and integration is accomplished through processing information. When novelty arises, the sufficiency of the syntax is in question and another boundary is faced. A semantic approach recognizes that there are always differences in kind and the emergence of novelty is a natural outcome in settings where innovation is required. Integrating devices are seen as processes or methods for translating and learning about differences at a boundary, but when negative consequences are faced, another boundary arises. A pragmatic approach recognizes that knowledge is localized, embedded and invested in practice. This view highlights the negative consequences that can arise given the differences at a boundary. Integrating devices (objects, models and maps) are used to create new knowledge. Sketches can be seen as a pragmatic boundary object during idea generation. In order to move beyond a knowledge barrier, designers can use sketches to communicate and explain their ideas to others. Individuals must be able to alter the content of a boundary object to apply what they know (Carlile, 2002). As novelty of the situation increases, this study argues that designers, who face more pragmatic boundaries, will need boundary objects to see consequences of social interactions with others. In the engineering industry, all the information is expresses in a common framework using 3-D design so that everyone concerned with the project can quickly respond to each other (Baba Nobeoka, 1998). Visual tools, such as sketches, facilitate the processing of novel information and may lead to a faster understanding (Feiereisen et al, 2008). Thus the following hypothesis is developed: H4: the usage of pragmatic boundary objects will moderate the relationship between the retrieval function of the TMS and creativity, such that retrieval is more likely to have a positive relationship with creativity 2.4 Knowledge through ‘ba Information becomes knowledge if it is given meaning through interpretation and interaction. Knowledge exchange cannot simply be a matter of transferring it across groups engaged in different practices; knowledge must be transformed through decontextualization and recontextualization (Spender, 1996) Tsoukas (2002) argues that these mechanisms to interact can be used to predict and guide behavior. These tools can enable a skilled user to get things done and need to become instruments through which we act- of which we are subsidiarily aware- not objects of attention. Objects can be used to ease the transfer of tacit knowledge, since this knowledge is not visible. Tacit knowledge is highly personal and hard to formalize, making it difficult to communicate or share with others. Whereas explicit knowledge can be expressed in words and numbers and shared in the form of data (Nonaka et al, 2000). The most explicit kind of knowledge is underlain by tacit knowledge (Tsoukas, 2002). Although the tacit knowledge of each individual is personal and unique, it can be absorbed by others through social relationships and collaboration (Mascitelli, 2000). Nonaka (1994) introduced the concept of ‘ba to be specific to knowledge creation in order to include these concept-specific items. According to him, ‘ba can be thought of as a shared space for emerging relationships. This space can be physical (e.g an office), virtual (email, teleconference), mental (shared experiences, ideas) or any combination of them. What differentiates ‘ba from ordinary human interaction is the concept of knowledge creation. According to Nonaka et al (2000), ‘ba provides a platform for advancing individual and collective knowledge. Knowledge is embedded in ‘ba where it is then acquired through ones own experience or reflections on the experience of others (Nonaka et al. 2000). An environment is created, whether physical or virtual, that lends itself to the creation and sharing of knowledge. It can emerge in individuals as well as in teams and is an existential place where participants share their contexts and create new meanings thr ough interactions (Nonaka Toyama, 2003). Participants of ba bring in their own contexts and through interactions with others and the environment, the contexts of ‘ba, participants and the environment, change. A good ‘ba needs participants with multiple contexts and yet a shared context is necessary for a ‘ba to exist (Nonaka et al, 2000). It sets a boundary for interactions among individuals and yet the boundary is open. It is not bound to a certain space or time (Nonaka and Toyama, 2003). When participating in a ‘ba, it is important that these individuals share time and space through their direct experience. As mentioned before a good ‘ba can provide a platform for advancing individual and/or collective knowledge ( Nonaka et al, 2000). A TMS can be seen as a combination of knowledge possessed by individuals and focuses on the utilization of expertise (Hollingshead, 2000; Lewis, 2003; Wegner, 1986). This expertise could be gathered by the retrieval function of the TMS, creating a ‘ba, where during interaction, new insights and new knowledge can be developed and in turn, could enhance creativity. An originationg ‘ba, a dialoguing ‘ba, a systemizing ‘ba and an exercising ‘ba support a particular knowledge conversion process and there by ‘ba speeds up the process of knowledge creation: 2.4.1 Originating ‘ba An originating ‘ba takes place in a world where individuals share feelings, emotions, experiences and mental models. An individual sympathizes or further empathizes with others, removing the barriers between the self and others. It is the primary ‘ba from which the knowledge creation process begins

Biomedical or scientific, naturalistic or holistic

People view illness and death differently depending including on their own personal beliefs as well as their culture. The 3 major views that are often used by different cultures to explain the causes of death and disease are: biomedical or scientific, naturalistic or holistic, and magic-religious. Biochemical or scientific worldview is the most prevalent view in our healthcare system and it is embraced by most nurses and other health care providers. The basic idea of this view is that all events in life have a cause and effect, and that the human body works like a machine, and all reality can be observed and measured (ex:BP, Papa levels, intelligence test. ) one example of the biochemical or scientific view regarding disease and illness is the bacterial or viral explanation of communicable disease. A naturalistic or holistic viewpoint are commonly embraced among the Native American, Hispanics, African American, Arab and Asian cultures. This viewpoint explains and focuses on the holis tic explanation of what caused the disease. This belief focuses on keeping the forces of nature in natural balance and harmony. Many Asian groups believe in the yin and yang theory which is a great example of this viewpoint.The yin and yang theory is a belief that there Is an ultimate balance between everything in life one way or another, meaning that health is believed to exist when all aspects of a person are In perfect balance or harmony. According to the holistic theories, disrupting the laws of nature creates Imbalances, chaos, and disease. The Magic- Religious view's basic concept It that the world Is a place where the supernatural forces dominate, and they believe that the fate of everyone depends on the action of the supernatural forces for good and evil.According to some African American and Caribbean people their explanations of magical causes of Illness Include belief In voodoo or which craft. There are some Christian religions that believe In faith healing to help fight disease and Infection. These three viewpoints are defiantly very different from one another. As a nurse, It Is important to be aware that people view heath and Illness differently. A nurse must know that not matter If they agrees with the patient's views or not, they must respect the patients beliefs and do everything possible to work within the guidelines of their sews and beliefs to give them the best care possible.Brenner: Chapter 7 [pages 102-103] http://YMMV. Credulous. Com/theory/waylaying. CFML http://w+M. Nursing-nurse. Com/causes-of-illness-236/ biomedical or scientific, naturalistic or holistic, and magic-religious By Alexandra_enema example of this viewpoint. The yin and yang theory is a belief that there is an is believed to exist when all aspects of a person are in perfect balance or harmony. According to the holistic theories, disrupting the laws of nature creates imbalances, chaos, and disease.The Magic- Religious views basic concept it that the world is a magical cau ses of illness include belief in voodoo or which craft. There are some Christian religions that believe in faith healing to help fight disease and infection. These three viewpoints are defiantly very different from one another. As a nurse, it is important to be aware that people view heath and illness differently. A nurse must know that not matter if they agrees with the patient's views or not, they must respect http://www. Credulous. Com/theory/yang. CFML http://www. Nursing-nurse. Com/causes-of-illness-236/

A Great Explorer Christopher Columbus - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 986 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Christopher Columbus Essay Did you like this example? Christopher Columbus was a man that many learn in their childhood age here in America. When someone ask me who Christopher Columbus is, I identify him as a man who explored. Throughout his exploration to find a new route to South America but while not knowing he made a wrong turn, ended up finding North America by accident. He is the man who discovered the land that we live on today and if it wasnt for him we would not be here today. I believe that American politicians should follow many different rules to justify a federal holiday. I believe that one of those rules should be that we should celebrate an occasion that impacts all if not most of the American people to create a holiday a national holiday that should be supported though out the United States. A big reason why I believe it should affect more than just a couple people is so that everyone in the nation can truly understand why the national celebration is important. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Great Explorer Christopher Columbus" essay for you Create order In the article 8 Reasons To Hate Columbus Day by Aaron Sankin it speaks of many reasons why not only one person in the united states hate Columbus Day but many US Citizens hate it. It speaks about many different reasons such as how Columbus is a horrible human being and also how his journey brought many horrible things to the new explored country and its people. In the article Columbus Day vs Indigenous People By Valerio Viale also states many reasons why we should not celebrate Columbus Day as a national holiday because of how his actions have affected many people and that their heritages were severely affected by them in a negative way. In this article there is a fight about the people who do not want to celebrate Columbus day because of the effect it had on their people many of years ago they find the holiday to be disrespectful to their heritage and then put up a fight to try and get the national holiday to be about them so that everyone can respect and honor the people who lost their lives because of Christopher Columbus. Even though there are people who think that the holiday should no longer be celebrated there are still people who believe that it should. In the article IN PERSON; In Defense Of Columbus by Mary Ann Castronovo she writes about a professor who devoted his life to study about the renaissance time named Mr. Connell who studied about Columbus and his doings at his time and states why we should still celebrate the holiday because although he did do horrible things his discoveries had a huge impact on us today. Mr. Connell is not the only person who believes that Columbus has had a huge impact on us today either. Another author named Kari has written an article calling it 10 Reasons Why We Celebrate Columbus Day. And in this article, she states on how even though many things went wrong about Columbus what he has done had impacted so many people including us and we should celebrate him for that. We are all humans and humans make mistakes which happen to Christopher Columbus as well but the overall picture of what he has done for us is what we should celebrate him for. In these articles there are many things that my mind thinks about. I can see why many people push to not celebrate the holiday, but I can also see why people push that we still should celebrate the holiday. I believe that the holiday has a huge impact on so many people then and even now in our time. Some people see the impacts as negative however I dont believe that they are seeing it in the right way. I believe that Christopher Columbus should be celebrated. Yes, he could have been a horrible person, or he could have been a really great person, but we do not know that side of the story because we were not physically there. Yes, we do hear stories and read about what others back in the day had to say about Columbus, but we do not entirely know that it is true. However, here is what we do know. Columbus sailed on three ships as stated in Karis article 10 reasons why to celebrate Columbus Day and found a new land that had not at the time been discovered to other Europeans. Yes, there could have been thousands of people before him who discovered the land, but he is the one who brought word to us back on the other side of the world and informed us and brought us to the new world. His achievement for doing that should be appreciated. I believe that it should be appreciated because If it is not we could still be living in Great Britain or in Spain or any other country in the world not allowed to do that things that we can now such as have the freedom of religion, and speech. Columbus brought us a new land and allowed us to come to create our own government for our own well-being. Yes, there were some horrible things that happened however if you look at the whole picture there is so much good that has come from him as well as bad and not everyone is perfect, so I believe that we should still celebrate Columbus Day. I believe that our leaders should find a way to be able and celebrate not only Columbus and his journey but to celebrate everything good and bad from it so that we as individuals can learn and be knowledgeable about everything that happened during and after Columbus and how it got us here today. Maybe Columbus day could be renamed to something that allows us to think about it all so we can all celebrate and respect our part in that time.

The History of Abortion - 764 Words

Abortion is a medical practice to terminate a womans pregnancy in the first 3 months. The history of abortion starts father before the pinnacle case of Roe v Wade in 1973. The supreme court made it legal to get an abortion and this is seen as an important turning point for the american health care policies for women. Before this court case to render it legal it had been performed for thousands of years and in every society known. It was legal when settlers first came to the united states before the Constitution abortion was openly advertised and performed on a regular basis. Abortion makes its history back to the mid 1800s when states started to make abortion illegal. The fear that the states had in the 1800s were that the population†¦show more content†¦Rather than opening to the real claim the American Medical Association (AMA) argued that abortion was dangerous and immoral. The only way to get an abortion was when it was necessary to save a womans life and this would be a legal abortion. Criminalized abortion did not affect the number of women that seeked abortion. There was an estimated 1.2 million illegal abortions a year before Roe v Wade. Although this is uncertain due to the thousands of women that suffered harm during these illegal abortions. Many women would try to induce abortion or go to mal practitioners with primitive methods and in unsanitary conditions. Hospitals cared for thousands of women that had illegal abortions that were now suffering terrible effects of abortion. SOme women were able to have a private doctor in better conditions provide the safer abortion procedure. During the 1967 to 1973 one third of the states tried to legalize abortions and be rid of abortion laws. Although the right to have abortion in all states happened in 1973 when the supreme court was able to strike down those laws. Roe v. Wade made it possible for women to get safe and legal abortion from professional trained medical practitioners. This case came out of a Texas state in which the law prohibited the use of abortion unless it was to save a womans life. Those laws forced women to lean to illegal abortions andShow MoreRelatedThe History of Abortion2408 Words   |  10 PagesAbortion is the process of intentionally ending a pregnancy. Abortion touches the hearts of many because its consequences result in the loss of a human life. Its controversy stems from the fact that people’s opinions on this matter are rooted in their value systems, religious beliefs, and political socialization. Its prominence in political discussions today is likely to continue given the relationship between unwanted pregnancies and overpopulation. There is often debate about the constitutionalityRead More History Of Abortion Essay1019 Words   |  5 Pages The History of Abortion nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy before birth. An abortion results in the death of the embryo or fetus and may be either spontaneous or induced. For years, abortion has been an extremely controversial subject. The history of abortion reaches back not just decades, but centuries, and even milleniums. Today, policies regarding legal abortion in the U.S. is being debated everywhere. Many myths and misconceptionsRead MoreThe History of Abortion and Its Effects2555 Words   |  11 PagesAbortion is the conclusion of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability. It can also happen unconsciously, which is known as a â€Å"miscarriage.† For centuries the Church accepted abortion and the law did not punish it. Anti-abortion laws began in the United States in the 19th century and in the 20th century many states banished abortion. Abortion laws have been passed for many reasons such as the concern for womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s health, the need of medical professionRead MoreA Quick History Of Abortion Pills1218 Words   |  5 Pagesquick history of abortion pills and how they came to be comes from WebMD. The top drug used for abortions is mifepristone also known as RU-486. Testing of the drug began in 1983 when the FDA issued a permit. Jan. 1993 President Clinton asked for the FDA to reconsider their import ban. In 1994-1995 the Population Council the U.S. patent rights for mifepristone, and clinical trials began. In September 1996 the FDA issued an approval for RU-486 to be used as a safe alternative to surgical abortion, butRead MoreAbortion : A Long And Dangerous History1532 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion has had a long and dangerous history that is seldomly talked about even today. Recently recognized as a right to women and their bodies, abortion was not an option for most women in the nineteenth century. Prior to Roe v. Wade, there was a system designed to give men control over women†™s biological nature to have children. This created legislation that allowed men to dictate when the birthing process would occur, giving men power over their children and wives. Legislation aimed at women’sRead MoreEssay on History of Abortion508 Words   |  3 Pagesv. Wade Supreme Court decision in 1973, Abortion has changed its course in society. With the new decision made by the United States, abortion was now legal. Many abortions were performed before the Supreme Court decision, but the settlement made it less risky for the doctors involved. Abortion has caused society to be divided by a pro-choice group and pro-life group. Two groups with struggles that will never end. There are many different types of abortions that can be preformed. The type used dependsRead MoreA Look Into Abortion s History1322 Words   |  6 PagesA Look Into Abortion’s History Prior to 1970 abortions were illegal in the United States. It was then when the now popular Roe v. Wade case took place which saw the Supreme Court make any laws regarding the prevention of early-stage abortions unconstitutional. An abortion can be defined as an early termination of an unwanted pregnancy. As a topic of controversy there are many aspects of abortion that are constantly being debated. For example, moral and legal obligations, support from federal andRead MoreAbortion Throughout History Essay2297 Words   |  10 PagesAbortion Has No Excuse Abortion has taken the lives of more than 50 million babies since 1973 (â€Å"About Abortion†). The issue of abortion is one of the most common controversial issues in American politics and culture. In modern society, many women that have an unintended pregnancy and they result to abortion without researching other options. Abortion is not a substitute for birth control and this issue should be taken seriously. The individual woman needs to understand that by agreeing to have anRead MoreEssay on History of Abortion in the United States963 Words   |  4 Pages1820 abortion was legal and practiced, despite the fact that it was a dangerous procedure and more often than not resulted in the death of the mother. it wasnt until after 1821 that abortion started to become regulated and laws were set in place (lewis 2011). in 1879 the first law to be set up was in Connecticut, it was targeted towards merchants that sold poisons to cause miscarriages and drugs to prevent pregnancy and banned the use of the products. By the late 1800s even though abortion was illegalRead More History Of Abortion In The Court Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pages Abortion. The word alone provokes strong emotion in both women and men alike. Roe v. Wade was decided twenty five years ago, but still the fight is not over. Instead, there are mass rallies, bombings of abortion clinics, murders of doctors and workers at such clinics, intimidation, arrest, political lobbying, and numerous Supreme Court cases. What is it that divides families, and keeps old friends from speaking to one another on the topic? Why are opinions so polarized and why are minds so closed